2014，美国五大移民事件

地球仪1

IPC（ Immigration Policy Center，美国移民政策中心）刚刚发布了，该中心评选出来的2014年美国5大移民事件。就让我们来看看这5大事件。

1. 奥巴马总统的移民行政令
2014，全年最重要的移民新闻，直到临近感恩节的时候才发生。在2014年11月20号，奥巴马总统颁布了他的“移民行政问责法令”，该法令涉及范围很广，从对很多子女为美国公民但其父母为非法移民人士的暂时性保护，到高技术行业的合法永居方案，以修正过时的签证制度。

奥巴马宣布的这一系列的，改革、更新和临时性措施，都依赖于成功实施计划的扩张（也就是暂缓遣返法令），加强跨机构合作以使得移民执法与福利政策相结合，并试图将移民作为促进经济发展和社会变革的工具。但这些仍然是临时性措施，它反映出行政令的约束性，在国会批准一项长期解决方案之前，它也只能是对破旧移民体系的小修小补。

2. 众议院移民法案改革失败
继参议院于2013年通过S.744移民法案后，2014年，人们也期待着众议院会推进移民法案的改革。在2014年1月，发言人博纳发布了共和党的移民改革准则，但这些准则并没有推动新改革的进行。众议院民主党人今年3月，提出“表决请愿书”试图迫使博纳，就H.R.15号决议进行表决，但是并未得到足够的选票。

众议院没有通过立法来解决，残破的移民体系所面临的问题，而只是表决通过一些零散的决议来修修补补。例如，在8月休会前，共和党议员通过一项法案，拨付一小部分资金用以解决孤儿的人道主义援助，并通过一项法案来结束暂缓遣返（参议院从未就此投票），因为许多共和党人声称该计划进一步激励了中美洲非法移民越过美国边境。

3. 中美洲家庭逃离暴力
在过去短短几年间，非法入境未成年的孤儿，一直呈令人担忧的上升趋势，而在2014年夏天，达到峰值，当成千上万的妇女儿童，通过艰辛的长途跋涉从中美洲和墨西哥北部来到美国南部边境地区时。这些孩子逃离的国家，不仅是世界上最暴力的，也是法治支离破碎的国家。

白宫要求国会，额外出资建立积极的边境执法策略，同时在新墨西哥州的Artesia设置一个临时拘留所。这些设施可收容这些妇女和儿童，并可以让政府尽快驱逐这些在本国受到死亡、强奸和滥用刑罚威胁的非法移民。2014年8月，美国移民委员会和一个联盟的移民团体，就其对非法入境的妇女儿童有失公平的政策，起诉联邦政府。尽管过去和当前的经验都证明，家庭拘留是不人道的、不符合法律程序的，但国土安全部还是在12月，在德克萨斯州的Dilly，开设了一个可容纳2,400张床位的永久拘留所。

4. 暂缓遣返续签开始
6月15日，是奥巴马总统暂缓遣返令两周年纪念日，意味着法令的原始受益人又开始了临时为期两年的工作许可。暂缓遣返令避免了，符合条件的年轻人被驱逐出境，并使他们获得了可延续的两年期工作许可和社会安全号。虽然，暂缓遣返令没有为这些非法移民提供身份合法化的途径，但它却帮助了超过五十万合乎条件的年轻人进入主流生活，从而提高他们的社会和经济福利。在奥巴马总统11月的行政令中，扩大了之前暂缓遣返令中的年龄上限，并规定在2010年1月1日前已在美居留的都可享受该法案。此外,奥巴马政府宣布，伴随暂缓遣返所给予的2年期临时工作许可从2014年11月24日起延长为3年。

5. 持续的边境巡逻违法
今年越来越多的关注集中于，联邦移民机构在边境滥用职权，美国移民委员会把焦点集中在缺乏问责机制和执法透明度上，这些同样对准美国边境巡逻队及其上级机构 - CBP（美国海关和边境保护局）。在一份名为：没有采取行动的报告中，CBP因缺乏问责制并滥用职权被投诉。基于通过FOIA获得的数据, CBP边境巡逻队还被指控虐待。作为回应，CBP领导公开表示将采取新措施，旨在提高机构的开放性和透明度。2014年12月，国土安全部部长约翰逊宣布，CBP将就刑事机关组织内的投诉进行调查。此外，CBP将采用一个统一的、正式的审查过程就使用武力事件进行调查，这将允许该机构及时有效地应对、调查、协调、报告、审查和解决使用武力的事件。

Top Five Immigration Stories of 2014
by Immigration Policy Center

This year, the narrative on immigration swung from hope that the House of Representatives would follow the Senate’s lead and act on comprehensive immigration reform legislation to hopelessness when Republican leaders refused to act. Then attention turned to anticipation of the President’s announcement of temporary executive actions to improve the nation’s immigration system. Also, over the summer, thousands of Central American mothers and children fled violence, rape, and persecution in their home countries and arrived at the United States’ southern border. And, earlier in the year, pop-culture crossed wires with immigration as some questioned if Justin Bieber’s alleged criminal acts would make him deportable. This past year proves there is never a dull moment in the immigration news cycle, however from our perspective these are the top immigration stories of 2014:

1. The President’s Executive Action on Immigration
The biggest immigration story of the year didn’t come until nearly Thanksgiving when President Obama announced on November 20 his “immigration accountability executive action,” which ranged from new temporary immigration protections for many unauthorized parents of U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents to highly technical regulatory proposals to fix outdated visa provisions.
The series of changes, updates, and temporary measures Obama announced relies on the expansion of successfully implemented programs (i.e., Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals), enhanced efforts to coordinate immigration enforcement and benefit policies across agencies, and attempts to use immigration as a tool of economic and social change. But they are temporary and reflect the limits of executive authority, serving as little more than a Band-Aid until Congress approves a long-term solution.

2. House’s Failure to Act on Immigration Reform
After the Senate approved S. 744, its immigration bill, in 2013, this year started with hope that the House would take action as well. In January 2014, Speaker Boehner released the House Republicans’ principles of immigration reform, but those guidelines did not lead to a renewed push for reform. House Democrats attempted to force Boehner to call a vote on H.R. 15 when they filed a discharge petition in March, but it did not receive enough votes.
Instead of offering a legislative solution to the broken immigration system, the House voted on piecemeal measures that failed to address the problems the immigration system faces. For example, before the August recess, House Republicans approved a bill that allocated only a fraction of the funds needed to address the humanitarian situation surrounding unaccompanied children and passed a bill to end DACA (the Senate never voted on these) because many Republicans claim the program incentivized Central American immigrants to cross the U.S. border.

3. Central American Families Fleeing Violence
The number on unaccompanied minors arriving has risen at a concerning rate in the past few years, but it peaked this summer when tens of thousands of immigrant children and women arrived at our southern border after making the harrowing journey from Central America and Mexico to the north. These children fled countries that are not only some of the most violent in the world, but countries where the rule of law is in tatters.
The White House asked Congress for additional funding for an aggressive border enforcement strategy while also setting up a temporary detention facility in Artesia, New Mexico. The facility holds the mothers and children who arrived and allows the government to fast-track their deportations despite the fact that many are seeking safety from the death threats, rape, and other abuses in their home countries. In August, the American Immigration Council and other immigration groups were among a coalition of groups that filed a lawsuit against the federal government to challenge its policies denying a fair process to mothers and children. And despite past and current experiences showing that family detention is inhumane and incompatible with a fair legal process, the Department of Homeland Security opened a permanent, 2,400-bed detention center in Dilley, Texas in December.

4. DACA Renewals Begin
June 15 marked the two-year anniversary of President Obama’s announcement of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) Program, meaning also that many of the original beneficiaries began renewing their temporary two-year work authorization. DACA temporarily defers the deportation of eligible undocumented youth and young adults, and grants them access to renewable two-year work permits and Social Security numbers. While DACA does not offer a pathway to legalization, it has helped over half a million eligible young adults move into mainstream life, thereby improving their social and economic well-being. In his November executive actions, President Obama expanded DACA by eliminating the age ceiling and making individuals who began residing here before January 1, 2010 eligible. Moreover, the administration announced that DACA grants and accompanying employment authorization will, as of November 24, 2014, last three years instead of two.

5. Ongoing Border Patrol Abuses
This year also saw an increasing focus on the abuses of federal immigration agents at the border. The American Immigration Council put a spotlight on the lack of accountability and transparency which afflicts the U.S. Border Patrol and its parent agency, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in a report titled No Action Taken: Lack of CBP Accountability in Responding to Complaints of Abuse. Based on data obtained through FOIA, the report shows than more often than not complaints of abuse filed with CBP result in no action taken against the Border Patrol agents accused of the abuse.In response, CBP leadership made public new measures designed to increase the agency’s openness and transparency. In December, Department of Homeland Security Secretary Jeh Johnson announced that CBP will now have criminal authority to investigate complaints within the organization. In addition, CBP is adopting a unified, formal review process for use of force incidents, which will allow the agency to “effectively respond to, investigate, coordinate, report, review and resolve use of force incidents in a timely manner.”