○中国人口素质问题研究（二）

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国民素质的确是中国现代化和可持续发展事业命脉所系的大问题。国务院研究室教科文卫司司长解思忠曾经对国民素质从人格、精神、道德、文化、科学、健康、职业、审美等八个方面进行了考察，归纳出了24种缺陷（解思忠1997）。但中国人口素质的作用长期没有得到充分的发挥，这一点却成了国人皆知的事实。1992年，朱国宏曾经尝试用美国经济学家丹尼森的劳动投入分解法来测度中国人口质量对经济增长的贡献程度，结论是：在中国 1952～1986年间的经济增长中，资本投入量增长的作用最大，其次是劳动投入量，而包含人口质量作用在内的残差的作用则只有12% ，在国际上是偏低的；进一步的分解表明，人口质量作用在残差中大概占了40% 左右，对经济增长的作用则约为5%～6%. 究其原因，主要在于劳动力人口质量的转化受到了社会经济因素的制约，从而出现了转化率低、存量水平也低的状况（朱国宏1994）。但遗憾的是，后续的量化研究近年很少见到。从理性上推论， 90年代以来劳动力素质对经济增长的贡献率一定是上扬的趋势，特别是近年对知识经济的倡导使得知识和人才升值的趋势几乎袭遍全国。但确切的结论还有待进一步的研究。  毕业论文网 http://www.lw54.com    与此同时，有几项研究得出了一个共性的结论：这就是中国的人口素质发展水平超前于经济发展的水平（朱国宏1991）。理论上的解释大致是相同，就是中国的人口素质与经济发展的关系还没有转向良性循环，使人口素质在转化为经济发展动力的过程中还存在着诸多的障碍因素。正如朱国宏所指出：这些障碍因素，既有人口质量形成方面的，又有经济发展本身的，还有人口质量转化为经济发展动力过程所必然产生的。所有这些障碍因素的存在，从人口质量投资角度分析，又主要与投资机制的不健全和不完善相联系，而这正是改革的关键所在。1995年笔者的一项研究指出：中国面临的不仅是国民素质不高，而且是国民素质潜能转化率不高的问题。国民素质问题并不仅仅局限于文化素质问题，健康素质特别是心理素质问题也相当重要。目前中国要十
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